variables and types
message = "Hello Python"
print(message)
>>> import this
bicycles = ['trek', 'cannondale', 'redline', 'specialized']
print(bicycles)
print(bicycles[0])
print(bicycles[0].title())
bicycles[0] = 'mini bell' # change value
bicycles.append('trek') # append value
bicycles.insert(0, 'strida') # insert value
del bicycles[0] # delete
popped_bicycle = bicycles.pop() # pop value (stack)
#popped_bicycle = bicycles.pop(0) # pop value by index
bicycles.remove('redline') # remove by value
bicycles.sort() # sort permanently by alphabet
bicycles.sort(reverse=True) # reverse sort
print(sorted(bicycles)) # sort temporarily
bicycles.reverse() #
len(bicycles)
list handling
magicians = ['alice', 'david', 'carolina']
for magician in magicians:
print(magician)
for value in range(1, 5): # 1 ~ 4
print(value)
numbers = list(range(1, 6)) # numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
even_numbers = list(range(2, 11, 2)) # even_numbers = [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
squares = []
for value in range(1, 11):
square = value ** 2
squares.appen(square)
# squares = [value ** 2 for value in range(1,11)]
print(squares)
digits = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0]
min(digits)
max(digits)
sum(digits)
cars = ['audi', 'bmw', 'subaru', 'toyota']
for car in cars:
if car == 'bmw':
print(car.upper())
else:
print(car.title())
if age < 4: # GOOD
if age<4: #bad
alien_0 = {'color': 'green', 'points': 5}
print(alien_0['color'])
print(alien_0['points'])
alien_0['x_position'] = 0
alien_0['y_position'] = 25
dict_0 = {} # 빈 값으로 딕셔너리 선언
del alien_0['points'] # points key 제거
favorite_languages = {
'jen': 'python',
'sarah': 'c',
'edward': 'ruby',
'phil': 'python',
}
point_value = alien_0.get('points', 'No point value assigned.') # key가 없을 경우의 default 값을 지정하여 error 방지
user_0 = {
'username': 'efermi',
'first': 'enrico',
'last': 'fermi',
}
for key, value in user_0.items():
print(f"\nKey: {key}")
print(f"Value: {value}")
for name in favorite_languages.key():
print(name.title())
for language in favorite_languages.values():
print(language.title())
for language in set(favorite_languages.values()): # set는 중복을 제거한 고유한 데이터 형식
print(language.title())
user input and while loop
message = input("Tell me something and I will repeat it back to you: ")
print(message)
prompt = "If you tell us who you are we can personalize the messages you see."
prompt += "\nWhat is you first name? "
name = input(prompt)
print(f"\nHello, {name}!")
current_number = 1
while currnet_number <= 5:
print(current_number)
current_number += 1
message = ""
while message != 'quit':
message = input(prompt)
print(message)
def greet_user(): # 함수 정의
"""간단한 환영 인사를 표시합니다""" # document string 혹은 docstring 따옴표 세개"""로 둘러쌈
print("Hello")
greet_user()
def describe_pet(animal_type, pet_name='dog'): # 기본 값이 있는 파라메터는 뒤쪽에
"""반려동물에 관한 정보를 출력합니다"""
print(f"\nI have a {animal_type}.")
print(f"My {animal_type}'s name is {pet_name.title()}.")
#return 값
describe_pet('hamster', 'harry)
describe_pet(animal_type='hamster', pet_name='harry')
describe_pet(pet_name='harry', animal_type='hamster')
describe_pet('willie')
def make_pizza(*toppings): # 여러 개의 매개변수 빈 튜플
def build_profile(first, last, **user_info): # 빈 딕셔너리
import pizza # pizza.py 파일을 열고 그 파일에 있는 모든 함수 사용
pizza.make_pizza() # pizza 모듈 안의 make_pizza() 함수 호출
# 모듈에서 일부 함수만 사용
from module_name import function_name
from module_name import function_0, function_1, function_3
# 별칭; 함수의 별칭으로 호출
from pizza import make_pizza as mp
from module_name import function_name as fn
# 모둘의 별청
import pizza as p
import module_name as mn
# 모든 함수 비추천
from pizza import *
from module_name import *
class Dog: # 대문자로 시작
"""개를 모델화하는 시도""" # docstring
def __init__(self, name, age): # 생성자 메서드, 반드시 구현
""name과 age 속성 초기화"""
self.name = name
self.age = age
def sit(self):
"""명령에 따라 앉는 개"""
print(f"{self.name} is now sitting.")
def roll_over(self):
"""명령에 따라 구르는 개"""
print(f"{self.name} rolled over!")
my_dog = Dog('Willie', 6)
my_dog.sit()
my_dog.roll_over()
from car import Car # car.py 안에 Car 클래스 하나만 있을 경우
from car import ElectricCar # car.py 안에 여러 클래스 중 ElectricCar 만 임포트
from car import Car, ElectricCar # car.py 안에 Car, ElectricCar 클래스 임포트
import car # car.py 안에 있는 모든 클래스 임포트
from module_name import *
from electric_car import ElectricCar as EC # electric_car.py의 ElectricCar 클래스를 EC로 임포트
from random import randint
randint(1, 6)
from random import choice
choiced_value = choice(list_values)
file and exception
# 기본적인 읽기
file_path = '/home/..../openfile.txt'
with open(file_path) as file_object:
contents = file_object.read()
print(contents)
# 라인씩 읽기
with open(filename) as file_object:
for line in file_object:
print(line)
filename = 'pi_digits.txt'
with open(filename) as file_object:
lines = file_object.readlines()
for line in lines:
print(line.rstrip())
print(f"{pi_string[:52]...") # 52번째 캐릭터까지만
# write a file
filename = 'prg.txt'
with open(filename, 'w') as file_object: # w: write mode, r: read mode, a: append mode, r+; read and write. default is 'r'
file_object.write("I love programming.")
#open(filename, encoding='utf-8')
try:
print(5/0)
except ZeroDivisionError: # FileNotFoundError,
print("You can't divide by zero!")
#pass # 조용히 실패하기, except 블럭 안에 아무것도 하지 않고 pass만.
else:
print("try block success.")
import json
json.dump(contents, file_object) # contents를 file_object에 저장, with open(filename, 'w') 사용
loaded_object = json.load(file_object) # with open(filename)
import unittest
class NamesTestCase(unittest.TestCase): #unittest.TestCase를 상속 받는 클래스 생성
def setUp(self): # 각 메서드를 실행하기 전에
....
....
def test_first_last_name(self):
....
....
self.assertEqual(formatted_name, 'Janis Joplin') # 예상한 결과가 일치하는 지 단언assert.
if __name__ == '__main__': # 다른 프로그램에서 임포트하지 않고 직접 실행하면 __name__의 값은 '__main__'이 된다.
unittest.main()
| method | example |
| assertEqual(a,b) | a == b임을 확인 |
| assertNotEqual(a,b) | a != b임을 확인 |
| assertTrue(x) | x가 True임을 확인 |
| assertFalse(x) | x가 False임을 확인 |
| assertIn(item, list) | item이 list 안에 있음을 확인 |
| assertNotIn(item, list) | item이 list 안에 있지 않음을 확인 |
$ python3 -m pip install --user pygame
import sys
import pygame
import pygame.font
import pygame.sprite import Sprite
import pygame.sprite import Group
....
pygame.init()
pygame.display.set_mode((1200,800)) # ((0,0), pygame.FULLSCREEN)
pygame.display.set_caption("pygame")
...
...
...
pygame.image.load('image/ship.bmp')
...
...
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
sys.exit()
elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN: # pygame.KEYUP, pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN,
if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT: # pygame.K_LEFT, pygame.K_q
...
pygame.display.flip()
# pygame.Rect(0, 0, self.settings.bullet_width,
# self.settings.bullet_height)
# pygame.draw.rect(self.screen, self.color, self.rect)
# pygame.sprite.Group()
# pygame.sprite.goupcollide(
# self.bullets, self.aliens, True, True)
# if pygame.sprite.spritecollideany(slef.ship, self.aliens):
# ...
# mouse_pos = pygame.mouse.get_pos()
# pygame.mouse.set_visible(False) / True
# pygame.font.SysFont(None, 48)
$ python3 -m pip install --user matplotlib
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
squares = [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
plt.style.use('seaborn') # plt.style.available = ['seaborn-dark', 'seaborn-darkgrid', 'seaborn-ticks', 'fivethirtyeight', .... ]
fig, ax = plt.subplots() # 그래프 생성
ax.plot(squares) # ax.plot(squares, linewidth=3), ax.plot(input_values, squares, linewidth=3)
ax.set_title("Square Numbers", fontsize=24)
ax.set_xlabel("Value", fontsize=14)
ax.set_ylabel("Square of Value", fontsize=14)
ax.tick_params(axis='both', labelsize=14) # 눈금 라벨 크기를 정함
plt.show()
$ python3 -m pip install --user plotly
from plotly.graph_objs import Bar, Layout
from plotly import offline
...
...
data = [Bar(x=x_values, y=frequencies)]
...
x_axis_config = {'title': 'Result'}
y_axis_config = {'title': 'Frequency of Result'}
my_layout = Layout(title='Results of rolling one D6 1000 times',
xaxis_x_axis_config, yaxis=y_axis_config)
offline.plot({'data':data, 'layout': my_layout}, filename='d6.html')
import csv
filename = 'data/aaa.csv'
with open(filename) as f:
reader = csv.reader(f)
header_row = next(reader)
print(header_row)
for index, column_header in enumerate(header_row):
print(index, column_header)
...
import datetime import datetime
first_date = datetime.strptime('2021-08-02', '%Y-%m-%d')
print(first_date)
$ python3 -m pip install --user requests
import requests
# API 호출을 보내고 응답을 저장
url = 'https://api.github.com/search/repositories?q=language:python&sort=stars'
headers = {'Accept': 'application/vnd.github.v3+json'}
r = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
print(f"Status code: {r.status_code}")
# API 응답을 변수에 저장
response_dict = r.json()
# 결과 처리
print(response_dict.keys())
$ python3 -m venv ll_env # ll_env란 이름으로 가상 환경 만들기
$ source ll_env/bin/activate # ll_env의 가상 환경 활성화
(ll_env)$ deactivate # ll_env 가상 환경 활성화 상태에서 사용 중지
(ll_env)$ pip install django # ll_env 가상 환경에서 장고 설치
(ll_env)$ django-admin startproject learning_log .
(ll_env)$ python manage.py migrate
(ll_env)$ python manage.py startapp learning_logs
(ll_env)$ python manage.py runserver
from django.db import models
class Topic(models.Model):
"""....."""
...
def __str__(self):
...
INSTALLED_APPS = [
# 내 앱
'learning_logs',
# 장고 기본 앱
'django.contrib.admin',
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
]
...
(ll_env)$ python manage.py makemigrations learning_logs
(ll_env)$ python manage.py migrate
(ll_env)$ python manage.py createsuperuser
(ll_env)$ python manage.py shell
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
urlpatterns = [
path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
path('', include('learning_logs.urls')),
]
from django.shortcuts import render
# view here
(ll_env)$ pip install django-bootstrap4
(ll_env)$ pip install psycopg2==2.7.*
(ll_env)$ pip install django-heroku
(ll_env)$ pip install gunicorn
(ll_env)$ pip freeze > requirements.txt
python-3.7.2
web: gunicorn learning_log.wsgi --log-file -
(ll_env)$ git --version
ll_env/
__pycache__/
*.sqlite3
Python Keywords and internal functions